Understanding invoice-to-pay - Process, Challenges, Best practices

You’ve likely seen invoices arrive as PDFs, paper copies, emails, or even messages on WhatsApp. Some land with finance, others with procurement or operations. When invoices come in so many formats and places, it leads to delays, repeated follow-ups, and confusion about who needs to act next. A defined invoice-to-pay process removes this uncertainty by giving teams one structured way to receive, check, approve, and pay invoices.

When the workflow is clear and consistent, fewer invoices slip through the cracks. Errors are caught early, approvals move faster, and suppliers get paid on time. Most importantly, finance teams gain better control over cash flow instead of reacting to last-minute payment issues.

Real industry insights highlight how big this problem really is

♦  According to a recent survey, organisations that still use fully manual processes take more than 25 business days on average to process a single invoice, and fewer than 15% can complete it in under three days. Many companies don’t even know how long it takes or what it costs to process each invoice.

⇒  Accounts payable survey: The impact of invoice automation on financial performance (PDF)

♦  Manual invoice processing has a high labour cost. Ardent Partners reports that manual invoice processing typically costs over $10 per invoice, a figure that drops dramatically with automation.

⇒  ArionERP

These findings make one thing clear: When invoices are delayed or have errors, it usually isn’t because teams are overloaded. It happens because the steps are unclear. Invoices move from one person to another without visibility, approvals take time, and small mistakes go unnoticed until the payment date is close.

This guide will help you understand the invoice-to-pay process step by step, highlight where delays usually happen, and ensure nothing important slips through the cracks from invoice receipt to final payment.

What does invoice to pay mean?

Invoice to pay is the complete process a business follows after it receives a supplier invoice until the payment is made. It includes checking the invoice, getting approvals, matching it with purchase details, and paying the supplier on time.

Invoice-to-pay vs. procure-to-pay: Key differences

Invoice-to-pay and procure-to-pay are closely related, but they are not the same. The main difference lies in where each process starts and what it focuses on.

Understanding the invoice-to-pay process

The invoice-to-pay process refers to the set of steps a business follows after receiving an invoice from a supplier until the payment is completed. It starts when an invoice is received and ends when the supplier is paid, and the transaction is recorded in the finance system.

How invoice-to-pay fits into the procure-to-pay workflow

Invoice-to-pay is a subset of the broader procure-to-pay workflow.

The procure-to-pay process covers the full purchasing journey:

⇒  Identifying a need
⇒  Creating and approving a purchase order
⇒  Receiving goods or services
⇒  Receiving and processing the invoice
⇒  Paying the supplier

Invoice-to-pay begins after goods or services have been delivered and the supplier sends an invoice. While procurement focuses on buying and supplier selection, invoice-to-pay focuses on financial validation and payment execution. A strong connection between procurement and finance ensures invoices match purchase orders and receipts, reducing disputes and delays.

Key stakeholders involved in invoice-to-pay

Several teams are involved in making the invoice-to-pay process work smoothly:

♦  Suppliers

Submit invoices and expect timely, accurate payments.

♦  Accounts payable team

Receives invoices, verifies details, manages approvals, and processes payments.

♦  Procurement team

Confirms purchase order details and supports invoice matching when required.

♦  Business or department approvers

Validate that goods or services were received and approve invoices for payment.

♦  Finance leadership

Oversees compliance, cash flow planning, and financial reporting.

Each stakeholder plays a specific role. When responsibilities are unclear or disconnected, invoices get delayed, errors increase, and payment timelines slip.

Key stages of the invoice-to-pay cycle

The invoice-to-pay cycle is not a single action. It is a sequence of steps where each stage depends on the previous one. If one step is unclear or delayed, the entire payment process slows down. Understanding these stages helps teams identify where issues usually start and how they can be avoided.

a. Invoice receipt

This is the first point where problems often begin. Suppliers send invoices in many ways, through email attachments, supplier portals, paper copies, or electronic data interchange. When invoices arrive through different channels, they are easy to miss or get forwarded multiple times. If invoices are not captured properly at this stage, they may sit unread in inboxes or get misplaced. A clear receipt process ensures every invoice is logged, tracked, and moved forward without relying on memory or follow-ups.

b. Invoice validation

Once an invoice is received, it must be checked for accuracy. This step confirms that the invoice details match what was actually ordered and received. Typically, invoices are matched with the purchase order and the goods receipt note. Common issues during validation include incorrect prices, missing PO numbers, duplicate invoices, or quantity mismatches. If these errors are not identified early, they lead to disputes, rework, or incorrect payments. Proper validation helps catch mistakes before approvals and payments begin.

c. Approval workflow

After validation, invoices need approval from the right people. Approvals are usually based on roles such as department heads confirming services received or finance teams approving payment amounts.

When approvals rely on manual routing through emails or paper files, delays are common. Invoices get stuck when approvers are unavailable or unsure if action is required. A clear approval structure ensures invoices move step by step without confusion or unnecessary waiting.

d. Invoice posting

Invoice posting means recording the approved invoice in the finance or accounting system. This step ensures the invoice is reflected correctly in financial records, budgets, and reports.

Accurate posting is important for compliance and audits. If invoices are posted late or incorrectly, financial statements may not show the true liability position. Proper posting ensures that records are complete, traceable, and ready for internal or external review.

e. Invoice to payment execution

The final stage is payment execution. This involves scheduling payments based on agreed terms and releasing funds through the chosen payment method. After payment, clear communication with vendors is important. Sending payment confirmations or remittance details helps avoid unnecessary follow-ups and builds trust. When this stage is handled properly, suppliers feel confident, and finance teams avoid last-minute payment pressure.

Each stage of the invoice-to-pay cycle plays a role in keeping payments accurate, timely, and controlled. When these steps are clearly defined and followed, finance teams spend less time fixing issues and more time managing cash effectively.

Common challenges in invoice-to-payment

Even the best teams face difficulties in the invoice-to-payment process. Understanding these challenges can help businesses take proactive steps to reduce errors, delays, and costs.

a. Multiple invoice formats and channels

Invoices can arrive in various forms: PDF attachments via email, physical paper copies, uploads on portals, or through Electronic Data Interchange. Managing these diverse formats without a centralized system for invoice intake and processing can create significant challenges. Finance teams may spend disproportionate amounts of time sorting, organizing, and routing invoices to the appropriate stakeholders. The absence of a standard method for capturing and handling invoices increases the risk of misplaced documents, overlooked invoices, and the entry of duplicate records into the accounting system. This inefficiency results in wasted time, slower processing times, and missed opportunities for early payment discounts.

b. Data errors and mismatches

Invoices are often prone to errors, including incorrect amounts, missing or inaccurate purchase order numbers, or mismatched quantities between the invoice and goods receipt. These discrepancies require careful manual review, validation, and correction to ensure the accuracy of financial records. If the invoice doesn't align with the PO or goods receipt, the entire approval process may be delayed while stakeholders manually investigate the issue. This creates bottlenecks in processing, increases rework, and in some cases, leads to disputes with suppliers over payment amounts, terms, or delivery conditions.

c. Approval delays

Invoices typically require approval from multiple departments or stakeholders procurement, finance, operations, or even upper management. When approvals are handled through inefficient methods like emails, physical forms, or informal channels, it increases the likelihood of delays. Approvers may be unaware of pending invoices, out of the office, or unable to process invoices in a timely manner due to workload or other priorities. Even small delays in this stage can push payments past their due date, leading to late payment penalties, lost discounts, and strained supplier relationships.

d. Manual data entry and posting

Despite advancements in automation, many organizations still rely on manual data entry for posting invoice details into accounting systems. This process is prone to human error, including mistyped amounts, incorrect account postings, or duplicate entries. Inaccurate data can distort financial reports, leading to misstatements in the company's financial position and affecting decision-making. Furthermore, manual entry is time-consuming, leaving finance teams with less bandwidth to focus on strategic financial planning or value-added activities.

e. Late or missed payments

Any delay in receiving, validating, approving, or posting invoices can result in missed payment deadlines. Late payments may lead to negative consequences such as a loss of supplier trust, penalty fees, and the inability to take advantage of early payment discounts. Over time, even small delays can accumulate, negatively impacting cash flow, complicating budgeting, and increasing overall operational costs. Suppliers may demand stricter payment terms or stop offering favorable credit terms if payment behavior is consistently poor, which could further strain financial relationships.

f. Lack of visibility and reporting

Without a centralized or automated invoice management system, finance teams struggle to maintain visibility over the invoice lifecycle from receipt through approval and payment. The absence of clear, real-time tracking means bottlenecks are harder to identify, and decision-making is reactive rather than proactive. Teams may need to follow up repeatedly with approvers or suppliers to confirm the status of an invoice, leading to frustration and delays. Moreover, forecasting cash outflows becomes difficult when invoice statuses aren’t consistently tracked and updated. This lack of visibility can result in inaccurate cash flow forecasts, missed payments, and poor decision-making.

g. Compliance and audit risks

Invoices and the associated documentation need to be properly tracked, approved, and recorded to meet legal and regulatory standards. Without an efficient tracking system, there’s a risk of missing invoices, incomplete or inaccurate records, and inconsistent approval workflows. These issues can make it difficult to comply with tax regulations, financial reporting requirements, or internal audit standards. Furthermore, if invoices are improperly stored or not properly reconciled, the organization risks facing audit findings, fines, or legal challenges, especially in industries with strict compliance requirements.

How zerotouch vendor invoice automation improves the invoice-to-pay process

Zerotouch vendor invoice automation removes the need for manual handling at every stage of invoice processing. Instead of finance teams checking, typing, and chasing invoices, the system takes care of routine tasks automatically, allowing teams to focus on control and decision-making.

1. Invoice receipt: No missed or lost invoices

In a manual setup, invoices arrive through multiple channels email, paper, portals, or EDI. Some get buried in inboxes, others are forwarded incorrectly, and a few are missed altogether.

With Zerotouch automation, all incoming invoices are captured in one central system, regardless of how they arrive. The system automatically reads invoice details and records the invoice the moment it is received. This ensures every invoice is acknowledged, tracked, and ready for processing without depending on someone to manually sort or forward it.

2. Invoice validation: Early error detection

Manual validation requires finance teams to compare invoices with purchase orders and goods receipt notes line by line. This is time-consuming and prone to mistakes, especially when invoice volumes are high.

Zerotouch automation performs this matching automatically. It checks prices, quantities, tax details, and supplier information against existing recors. If everything matches, the invoice moves forward immediately. If there is a mismatch, the system flags it clearly so the issue can be resolved early, before approvals or payments are delayed.

3. Approval workflow: Faster and clearer decisions

In manual processes, approvals often rely on emails or physical documents. Invoices can sit unattended when approvers are busy or unclear about their role.

With Zerotouch automation, approval rules are predefined. Invoices are automatically routed to the right approvers based on amount, department, or supplier. Approvers receive clear notifications and can review invoices without searching for background information. This removes confusion, speeds up approvals, and reduces follow-ups from the AP team.

4. Invoice posting: Consistent and audit-ready records

Manual invoice posting involves re-entering data into accounting systems, which increases the risk of incorrect amounts, duplicate postings, or wrong account entries.

Zerotouch automation posts approved invoices directly into the finance or ERP system using predefined accounting rules. Each invoice is recorded with a complete digital trail, including validation checks and approval history. This improves accuracy and ensures records are consistent, traceable, and ready for audits.

5. Invoice to payment execution: Planned and on-time payments

When earlier stages are delayed, payments are often rushed. This leads to late payments, supplier dissatisfaction, or missed payment terms.

With Zerotouch automation, payment schedules are created automatically based on invoice due dates and agreed terms. Finance teams can see upcoming payments in advance and plan cash outflows more effectively. Once payment is completed, vendors receive clear confirmation, reducing payment-related queries and follow-ups.

6. Ongoing visibility and control

In manual environments, tracking invoice status often means checking emails or asking colleagues for updates.
Zerotouch invoice automation provides real-time visibility into every invoice, whether it is received, under validation, pending approval, posted, or paid. This transparency helps finance leaders identify bottlenecks, manage workloads, and maintain better control over the entire invoice-to-pay cycle.

Best practices for an efficient invoice-to-pay cycle

An efficient invoice-to-pay cycle depends less on effort and more on structure. When roles, rules, and workflows are clear, invoices move faster with fewer errors. Below are proven best practices that help finance teams keep the process smooth and predictable.

1. Standardise how invoices are received

When suppliers send invoices through multiple channels, it becomes difficult to track them properly. Some invoices may get buried in inboxes, forwarded multiple times, or missed completely. This creates delays right at the start of the process.
By defining clear invoice submission methods, such as a single email address or a supplier portal, every invoice enters the system in the same way. This makes it easier to log, track, and process invoices consistently and ensures nothing slips through unnoticed.

2. Validate invoices early

Invoice validation should happen as soon as an invoice is received. Waiting until the approval or payment stage to check details often leads to last-minute issues and rushed corrections. Early validation means confirming that prices, quantities, tax details, and supplier information match the purchase order and goods receipt records. When errors are caught early, they are easier to resolve with suppliers and prevent delays later in the cycle.

3. Define clear approval rules

Invoices often get delayed because it is unclear who needs to approve them. When approvals are handled informally or depend on emails, invoices can sit untouched for days.

Clear approval rules based on invoice value, department, or expense type remove this uncertainty. Each invoice follows a predefined path, reaching the right approver automatically. This reduces waiting time and ensures accountability at every stage.

4. Reduce manual data entry

Manual data entry increases the risk of mistakes such as incorrect amounts, duplicate invoices, or wrong account postings. It also consumes a significant amount of time for finance teams. Reducing manual entry by using structured data capture or system integrations helps improve accuracy. When invoice data flows directly into the finance system, teams spend less time correcting errors and more time reviewing and controlling payments.

5. Maintain strong documentation for compliance

Every invoice should be supported by proper documentation, including purchase orders, delivery confirmations, approvals, and payment records. When documents are scattered across emails or folders, audits become stressful and time-consuming.
Keeping all related documents linked and stored together ensures transparency and traceability. This not only supports compliance requirements but also builds confidence during internal and external audits.

6. Monitor invoice status regularly

Without visibility into invoice status, finance teams are forced to rely on follow-ups and manual checks. This reactive approach often leads to missed deadlines and supplier dissatisfaction. Regular monitoring allows teams to see where each invoice stands, whether it is under review, waiting for approval, or scheduled for payment. Early visibility helps identify bottlenecks before they turn into serious delays.

7. Plan payments instead of reacting to them

Many payment issues occur when invoices are handled at the last moment. Rushed payments increase the risk of errors and missed payment terms. By planning payments in advance based on due dates and agreed terms, finance teams gain better control over cash flow. Planned payments also help avoid late fees, take advantage of early payment discounts, and improve overall financial predictability.

8. Communicate clearly with suppliers

Lack of communication often leads to repeated follow-ups from suppliers asking about the invoice or payment status. This creates unnecessary work for both sides. Clear communication guidelines help suppliers submit correct invoices the first time. Sharing payment timelines and sending payment confirmations after settlement builds trust and reduces avoidable queries.

9. Review and improve the process regularly

As businesses grow, invoice volumes increase, and processes that once worked well may start to slow down. Without regular review, inefficiencies go unnoticed.

Periodic reviews help finance teams identify recurring issues, adjust approval rules, and improve workflows. Continuous improvement ensures the invoice-to-pay process remains efficient as business needs change.

Final thoughts

Invoice-to-pay problems rarely start at the payment stage. They begin much earlier when invoices arrive in different formats, details aren’t checked on time, approvals are unclear, or visibility is missing. Over time, these small gaps turn into late payments, supplier frustration, and constant follow-ups for finance teams. A well-managed invoice-to-pay cycle brings order to this everyday chaos. When invoices are received in one place, checked early, routed correctly, and tracked until payment, teams spend less time firefighting. Payments become planned instead of rushed, and suppliers know what to expect.

For growing organisations, handling this process manually becomes harder as invoice volumes increase. Zerotouch vendor invoice automation helps remove these friction points by automatically handling invoice capture, validation, approvals, and posting so finance teams don’t have to manage each step manually.

Explore how Zerotouch invoice automation can fit into your existing finance workflow and remove daily invoice processing friction.

Connect with the TYASuite team to see ZeroTouch in action and understand how it can simplify invoice-to-pay for your organisation.

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